Metal gate structure of a cmos semiconductor device

ABSTRACT

A semiconductor device includes a substrate comprising an isolation region surrounding a P-active region and an N-active region. The semiconductor device also includes an N-metal gate electrode comprising a first metal composition over the N-active region. The semiconductor device further includes a P-metal gate electrode. The P-metal gate electrode includes a bulk portion over the P-active region and an endcap portion over the isolation region. The endcap portion includes the first metal composition. The bulk portion includes a second metal composition different from the first metal composition.

PRIORITY CLAIM

The present application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/189,232, filed Jul. 22, 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

The disclosure relates to a metal gate structure of a semiconductor device.

BACKGROUND

As the technology nodes shrink, in some integrated circuit (IC) designs, polysilicon gate electrodes are replaced by metal gate electrodes to improve device performance with the decreased feature sizes. One process of forming a metal gate structure is termed a “gate last” process in which the final gate structure is fabricated “last” which allows for reduced number of subsequent processes, including high temperature processing, that must be performed after formation of the gate.

However, there are challenges to implement such features and processes in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication. As the gate length and spacing between devices decrease, these problems are exacerbated. For example, in a “gate last” fabrication process, it is difficult to achieve a perfect isolation between neighboring transistors because unwanted recesses are generated in an inter-layer dielectric (ILD) layer after wet/dry etching a dummy strip. The recesses present in the ILD layer can become a receptacle of metals during subsequent processing thereby increasing the likelihood of electrical shorting and/or device failure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is emphasized that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale and are used for illustration purposes only. In fact, the dimensions of the various features in the drawings may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method of fabricating a CMOS semiconductor device comprising a metal gate structure according to various aspects of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a top view of a CMOS semiconductor device comprising a metal gate structure according to various aspects of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 3A-3F are cross-section views of a CMOS semiconductor device taken along the line a-a of FIG. 2 at various stages of fabrication according to various aspects of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 4 is a top view of a CMOS semiconductor device comprising a metal gate structure according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

DESCRIPTION

It is understood that the following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the disclosure. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. For example, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. Various features may be arbitrarily drawn in different scales for simplicity and clarity. Further, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed. In addition, the present disclosure provides examples of a “gate last” metal gate process, however, one skilled in the art may recognize applicability to other processes and/or use of other materials.

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method 100 of fabricating a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) semiconductor device 200 comprising a metal gate structure 210 (shown in FIG. 2) according to various aspects of the present disclosure. FIG. 2 is a top view of a CMOS semiconductor device 200 comprising a metal gate structure 210 according to various aspects of the present disclosure; and FIGS. 3A-3F are cross-section views of a CMOS semiconductor device 200 taken along the line a-a of FIG. 2 at various stages of fabrication according to various aspects of the present disclosure. It is noted that part of the CMOS semiconductor device 200 may be fabricated with CMOS technology processing. Accordingly, it is understood that additional processes may be provided before, during, and/or after the method 100 of FIG. 1, and that some other processes may only be briefly described herein. Also, FIGS. 1 through 3F are simplified for a better understanding of the present disclosure. For example, although the figures illustrate a metal gate structure 210 for the CMOS semiconductor device 200, it is understood the CMOS semiconductor device 200 may be part of an integrated circuit (IC) that may comprise a number of other devices comprising resistors, capacitors, inductors, fuses, etc.

FIG. 2 is a top view of a CMOS semiconductor device 200 comprising a metal gate structure 210 fabricated by a “gate last” process. A substrate 202 (shown in FIG. 3A) comprising an isolation region 206 surrounding a P-active region 204 p and an N-active region 204 n is provided. The CMOS semiconductor device 200 comprises a p-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (pMOSFET) 200 p and an n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (nMOSFET) 200 n.

The nMOSFET 200 n is formed from an N-metal gate electrode 210 n comprising a first metal composition 210 f over the N-active region 204 n. In one embodiment, the first metal composition 210 f may comprise an N-work-function metal. In some embodiment, the N-work-function metal comprises Ti, Ag, Al, TiAl, TiAlN, TaC, TaCN, TaSiN, Mn, or Zr. In the present embodiment, the N-metal gate electrode 210 n over the N-active region 204 n has a second width W₂ in the range of about 10 to 30 nm and extends outside of the N-active region 204 n over the isolation regions 206.

The pMOSFET 200 p is formed from a P-metal gate electrode 210 p comprising a bulk portion 210 b over the P-active region 204 p and an endcap portion 210 e over the isolation region 206, wherein the endcap portion 210 e comprises the first metal composition 210 f and the bulk portion 210 b comprises a second metal composition 210 s different from the first metal composition 210 f. In at least one embodiment, the second metal composition 210 s may comprise a P-work-function metal. In some embodiment, the P-work-function metal comprises TiN, WN, TaN, or Ru. In the present embodiment, the P-metal gate electrode 210 p over the P-active region 204 p has a first width W₁ in the range of about 500 to 1000 nm, so that the first width W₁ of the P-metal gate electrode 210 p is greater than the second width W₂ of the N-metal gate electrode 210 n. In at least one embodiment, a ratio of the first width W₁ to the second width W₂ is from about 18 to 30. The P-metal gate electrode 210 p and N-metal gate electrode 210 n are combined and hereinafter referred to as a metal gate structure 210.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 3A, the method 100 begins at step 102 wherein a substrate 202 comprising the isolation region 206 surrounding the P-active region 204 p and N-active region 204 n is provided. The substrate 202 may comprise a silicon substrate. The substrate 202 may alternatively comprise silicon germanium, gallium arsenic, or other suitable semiconductor materials. The substrate 202 may further comprise other features such as various doped regions, a buried layer, and/or an epitaxy layer. Furthermore, the substrate 202 may be a semiconductor on insulator such as silicon on insulator (SOI). In other embodiments, the semiconductor substrate 202 may comprise a doped epi layer, a gradient semiconductor layer, and/or may further include a semiconductor layer overlying another semiconductor layer of a different type such as a silicon layer on a silicon germanium layer. In other examples, a compound semiconductor substrate may comprise a multilayer silicon structure or a silicon substrate may include a multilayer compound semiconductor structure.

In the present embodiments, the semiconductor substrate 202 may comprise the isolation region 206 surrounding the P-active region 204 p for the pMOSFET 200 p and N-active region 204 n for the nMOSFET 200 n. The active regions 204 p, 204 n may include various doping configurations depending on design requirements. For example, the P-active region 204 p is doped with n-type dopants, such as phosphorus or arsenic; the N-active region 204 n is doped with p-type dopants, such as boron or BF₂.

Isolation regions 206 may be formed on the substrate 202 to isolate the various active regions 204 p, 204 n from each other. The isolation regions 206 may utilize isolation technology, such as local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) or shallow trench isolation (STI), to define and electrically isolate the various active regions 204 p, 204 n. In the present embodiment, the isolation region 206 comprises a STI. The isolation regions 206 may comprise materials such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, fluoride-doped silicate glass (FSG), a low dielectric constant (low-k) dielectric material, and/or combinations thereof. The isolation regions 206, and in the present embodiment, the STI, may be formed by any suitable process. As one example, the formation of the STI may include patterning the semiconductor substrate 202 by a photolithography process, etching a trench in the substrate 202 (for example, by using a dry etching, wet etching, and/or plasma etching process), and filling the trench (for example, by using a chemical vapor deposition process) with a dielectric material. In some embodiments, the filled trench may have a multi-layer structure such as a thermal oxide liner layer filled with silicon nitride or silicon oxide.

Still referring to FIG. 3A, a gate dielectric layer 208 may be formed over the substrate 202. In some embodiments, the gate dielectric layer 208 may comprise silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxy-nitride, or high dielectric constant (high-k) dielectric. High-k dielectrics comprise certain metal oxides. Examples of metal oxides used for high-k dielectrics include oxides of Li, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Sc, Y, Zr, Hf, Al, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or mixtures thereof. In the present embodiment, the gate dielectric layer 208 is a high-k dielectric layer comprising HfO_(x) with a thickness in the range of about 10 to 30 angstroms. The gate dielectric layer 208 may be formed using a suitable process such as atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), thermal oxidation, ultraviolet (UV)-ozone oxidation, or combinations thereof. The gate dielectric layer 208 may further comprise an interfacial layer (not shown) to reduce damage between the gate dielectric layer 208 and the substrate 202. The interfacial layer may comprise silicon oxide.

In a gate last process, a dummy gate electrode layer 308 is subsequently formed over the gate dielectric layer 208. In some embodiments, the dummy gate electrode layer 308 may comprise a single layer or multilayer structure. In the present embodiment, the dummy gate electrode layer 308 may comprise poly-silicon. Further, the dummy gate electrode layer 308 may be doped poly-silicon with the uniform or gradient doping. The dummy gate electrode layer 308 may have a thickness in the range of about 30 nm to about 60 nm. The dummy electrode layer 308 may be formed using a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) process. In at least one embodiment, the LPCVD process can be carried out in a standard LPCVD furnace at a temperature of about 580° C. to 650° C., and at a pressure of about 200 mTorr to 1 Torr, using silane (SiH₄) or dichlorosilane (SiH₂Cl₂) as the silicon source gas.

The method 100 in FIG. 1 continues with step 104 in which the structure in FIG. 3B is produced by forming a first dummy strip 308 a over the P-active region 204 p and isolation region 206 and a second dummy strip 308 b over the N-active region 204 n in an inter-layer dielectric (ILD) layer 306.

In the present embodiment, a layer of photoresist (not shown) is formed over the dummy gate electrode layer 308 by a suitable process, such as spin-on coating, and patterned to form a patterned photoresist feature over the dummy gate electrode layer 308 by a proper lithography patterning method. In at least one embodiment, a width of the patterned photoresist feature over the P-active region 204 p and isolation region 206 is in the range of about 500 to 1000 nm. In another embodiment, a width of the patterned photoresist feature over the N-active region 204 n is in the range of about 10 to 30 nm. The patterned photoresist feature can then be transferred using a dry etching process to the dummy gate electrode layer 308 to form a first dummy strip 308 a over the P-active region 204 p and isolation region 206 and a second dummy strip 308 b over the N-active region 204 n. The photoresist layer may be stripped thereafter.

It is noted that the CMOS semiconductor device 200 may undergo other “gate last” processes and other CMOS technology processing to form various features of the CMOS semiconductor device 200. As such, the various features are only briefly discussed herein. The various components of the CMOS semiconductor device 200 may be formed prior to formation of the P-metal gate electrode 210 p and N-metal gate electrode 210 n in a “gate last” process. The various components may comprise p-type and n-type lightly doped source/drain (LDD) regions (not shown) and p-type and n-type source/drain (S/D) regions (not shown) in the active regions 204 p, 204 n and on opposite sides of the first dummy strip 308 a and second dummy strip 308 b. The p-type LDD and S/D regions may be doped with B or In, and the n-type LDD and S/D regions may be doped with P or As.

Then, a dielectric layer is formed over the P-active region 204 p, N-active region 204 n, and isolation region 206 to produce the structure shown in FIG. 3B. The dielectric layer may comprise a single layer or multilayer structure. In at least one embodiment, the dielectric layer is patterned to form gate spacers 304 on opposite sidewalls of the first dummy strip 308 a and the second dummy strip 308 b. The gate spacers 304 may be formed of silicon oxide, silicon nitride or other suitable materials deposited by a CVD process.

Then, an inter-layer dielectric (ILD) material may be formed over the gate spacers 304, first dummy strip 308 a, second dummy strip 308 b, and isolation region 206. The ILD layer material may include an oxide formed by a high-aspect-ratio process (HARP) and/or a high-density-plasma (HDP) deposition process. After the ILD layer material deposition, a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is performed on the ILD layer material deposition to expose the first dummy strip 308 a and second dummy strip 308 b.

In the present embodiment, the remaining ILD layer material after performing the CMP process comprises a first portion 306_1 and a second portion 306_2 surrounding the first dummy strip 308 a over the P-active region 204 p and isolation region 206. In addition, the remaining ILD layer material comprises the second portion 306_2 and a third portion 306_3 surrounding the second dummy strip 308 b over the N-active region 204 n. Thus, the first dummy strip 308 a over the P-active region 204 p and isolation region 206 and the second dummy strip 308 b over the N-active region 204 n together define an ILD layer 306. Further, the first dummy strip 308 a comprises a first portion 308 a_1 and a second portion 308 a_2.

The method 100 in FIG. 1 continues with step 106 in which the structure in FIG. 3C is produced by removing the first portion 308 a_1 of the first dummy strip 308 a to form a first opening 310 a extending over entire length of the P-active region 204 a in the ILD layer 306. In the present embodiment, using a patterned photoresist layer 312 as a mask, the first portion 308 a_1 of the first dummy strip 308 a is removed to form the first opening 310 a in the first dummy strip 308 a, while a second portion 308 a_2 of the first dummy strip 308 a, the second dummy strip 308 b, and ILD layer 306 are covered by the patterned photoresist layer 312. In the present embodiment, the first opening 310 a has the first width W₁ in the range of about 500 to 1000 nm.

In at least one embodiment, the first portion 308 a_1 of the first dummy strip 308 a may be removed using a dry etch process. In at least one embodiment, the dry etch process may be performed under a source power of about 650 to 800 W, a bias power of about 100 to 120 W, and a pressure of about 60 to 200 mTorr, using Cl₂, HBr, and/or He as etching gases. The patterned photoresist layer 312 may be stripped thereafter.

It should be noted that the dry etching process for removing the first portion 308 a_1 of first dummy strip 308 a is especially prone to simultaneously removing a top portion of the ILD layer 306_1/306_2 adjacent to the first dummy strip 308 a. Thus, if recesses are generated in the ILD layer 306_1/306_2 after dry etching the first portion 308 a_1 of the first dummy strip 308 a, the recesses present in the ILD layer 306_1/306_2 can become a receptacle of metals during subsequent processing thereby increasing the likelihood of electrical shorting and/or device failure.

In the present embodiment, the ILD layer 206 is covered and protected by the patterned photoresist layer 312 while removing the first portion 308 a_1 of the first dummy strip 308 a. The remaining second portion 308 a_2 of the first dummy strip 308 a adjacent to the ILD layer 306_1/306_2 may further protect the ILD layer 306_1/306_2 during a metal CMP process in next step 108. Accordingly, Applicant's method of fabricating a CMOS semiconductor device 200 may fabricate the gate structure 210 having almost no recess in the ILD layer 306_1/306_2, thereby achieving a perfect isolation between neighboring transistors and thus enhancing the device performance.

The method 100 in FIG. 1 continues with step 108 in which the structure in FIG. 3D is produced by filling the first opening 310 a with the second metal composition 210 s. In at least one embodiment, the second metal composition 210 s may comprise a P-work-function metal. In some embodiments, the P-work-function metal comprises TiN, WN, TaN, or Ru. The P-work-function metal may be formed by ALD, CVD or other suitable technique. In the present embodiment, the second metal composition 210 s is first deposited to substantially fill the first opening 310 p. Then, a CMP process is performed to remove a portion of the second metal composition 210 s outside of the first opening 310 a. Accordingly, the CMP process may stop when reaching the ILD layer 306, and thus providing a substantially planar surface. The remaining second metal composition 210 s is referred to as the bulk portion 210 b of the P-metal gate electrode 210 p.

The method 100 in FIG. 1 continues with step 110 in which the structure in FIG. 3E is produced by removing a second portion 308 a_2 of the first dummy strip 308 a to form a second opening 310 b (donated as 310 b_1 and 310 b_2) over the isolation region 206 and by removing the second dummy strip 308 b to form a third opening 310 c extending over the entire length of the N-active region 204 n in the ILD layer 306.

In the present embodiment, using the gate spacers 304, ILD layer 306 and bulk portion 210 b of the P-metal gate electrode 210 p as hard masks, the second portion 308 a_2 of the first dummy strip 308 a and the second dummy strip 308 b are simultaneously removed to form the second and third openings 310 b, 310 c in the ILD layer 306. In at least one embodiment, the second opening 310 b has almost the same first width W₁ of the first opening 310 a. In another embodiment, the third opening 310 c has a second width W₂ in the range of about 10 to 30 nm, less than the first width W₁ of the first opening 310 a. A ratio of the first width W₁ to the second width W₂ is from about 18 to 30.

In some embodiments, the second dummy strip 308 b and second portion 308 a_2 of the first dummy strip 308 a may be removed using a wet etch and/or a dry etch process. In at least one embodiment, the wet etch process includes exposure to a hydroxide solution containing ammonium hydroxide, diluted HF, deionized water, and/or other suitable etchant solutions. In another embodiment, the dry etch process may be performed under a source power of about 650 to 800 W, a bias power of about 100 to 120 W, and a pressure of about 60 to 200 mTorr, using Cl₂, HBr and He as etching gases.

The method 100 in FIG. 1 continues with step 112 in which the structure in FIG. 3F is produced by filling the second and third openings 310 b, 310 c with the first metal composition 210 f. In one embodiment, the first metal composition 210 f may comprise an N-work-function metal. In some embodiments, the N-work-function metal comprises Ti, Ag, Al, TiAl, TiAlN, TaC, TaCN, TaSiN, Mn, or Zr. The N-work-function metal may be formed by ALD, PVD, sputtering or other suitable technique. In the present embodiment, the first metal composition 210 f is first deposited to substantially fill the second and third openings 310 b, 310 c. Then, a CMP process is performed to remove a portion of the first metal composition 210 f outside of the second and third openings 310 b, 310 c. Accordingly, the CMP process may stop when reaching the ILD layer 306, and thus providing a substantially planar surface.

In some embodiments, the remaining first metal composition 210 f in the second opening 310 b over the isolation region 206 is referred to as the endcap portion 210 e of the P-metal gate electrode 210 p. In the present embodiment, the endcap portion 210 e of the P-metal gate electrode 210 p has a contact section connected to the bulk portion 210 b of the P-metal gate electrode 210 p. In the present embodiment, the endcap portion 210 e of the P-metal gate electrode 210 p and the bulk portion 210 b of the P-metal gate electrode 210 p are combined and referred to as the P-metal gate electrode 210 p. In some embodiments, the remaining first metal composition 210 f in the third opening 310 c is referred to as the N-metal gate electrode 210 n. The P-metal gate electrode 210 p and N-metal gate electrode 210 n are combined and referred to as a metal gate structure 210.

FIG. 4 is a top view of an alternate CMOS semiconductor device 400 comprising a metal gate structure 410 according to various aspects of the present disclosure fabricated using a method comprising the steps shown in FIG. 3A-F, except that the first opening 310 a further extends into the isolation region 306 to form an extending portion. Similar features in FIGS. 2 and 4 are numbered the same for the sake of simplicity and clarity. In the present embodiment, the endcap portion 410 e comprises a second portion 410 e_2 and a first portion 410 e_1 between the second portion 410 e_2 and the bulk portion 210 b, wherein the second portion 410 e_2 comprises the first metal composition 210 f. A first length L₁ of the first portion 410 e_1 is equal to or less than a second length L₂ of the second portion 410 e_2. A ratio of the second length L₂ to the first length L₁ is from about 1.0 to 1.5.

In the present embodiment, the endcap portion 410 e of the P-metal gate electrode 410 p and the bulk portion 210 b of the P-metal gate electrode 410 p are combined and referred to as the P-metal gate electrode 410 p. The P-metal gate electrode 410 p and N-metal gate electrode 210 n are combined and referred to as a metal gate structure 410.

It is understood that the CMOS semiconductor devices 200, 400 may undergo further CMOS processes to form various features such as contacts/vias, interconnect metal layers, dielectric layers, passivation layers, etc.

An aspect of this description relates to a semiconductor device comprising a substrate having an isolation region surrounding a P-active region and an N-active region. The semiconductor device also comprises an N-metal gate electrode comprising a first metal composition over the N-active region. The semiconductor device further comprises a P-metal gate electrode. The P-metal gate electrode comprises a bulk portion over the P-active region and an endcap portion over the isolation region. The endcap portion comprises the first metal composition. The bulk portion comprises a second metal composition different from the first metal composition.

Another aspect of this description relates to a semiconductor device comprising a substrate and a first well region in the substrate. The first well region has a first conductivity type. The semiconductor device also comprises a second well region in the substrate. The second well region has a second conductivity type. The semiconductor device further comprises an isolation region in the substrate surrounding and between the first well region and the second well region. The semiconductor device additionally comprises a first gate electrode comprising a first metal composition over the second well region. The semiconductor device also comprises a second gate electrode comprising a bulk portion over at least a portion of the first well region and an endcap portion over at least a portion of the isolation region. The endcap portion comprises the first metal composition. The bulk portion comprises a second metal composition different from the first metal composition.

A further aspect of this description relates to a semiconductor device comprising a substrate and a first well region in the substrate. The first well region has a first conductivity type. The semiconductor device also comprises a second well region in the substrate. The second well region has a second conductivity type. The semiconductor device further comprises an isolation region in the substrate surrounding and between the first well region and the second well region. The semiconductor device additionally comprises a first gate electrode comprising a first conductive material over the second well region. The first gate electrode has a width extending beyond a periphery of the second well region. The semiconductor device also comprises a second gate electrode comprising a bulk portion over at least a portion of the first well region and an endcap portion abutting the bulk portion. The endcap portion is over at least a portion of the isolation region. The endcap portion comprises the first conductive material. The bulk portion comprises a second conductive material different from the first conductive material.

While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of the preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements (as would be apparent to those skilled in the art). Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate comprising an isolation region surrounding a P-active region and an N-active region; an N-metal gate electrode comprising a first metal composition over the N-active region; and a P-metal gate electrode comprising a bulk portion over the P-active region and an endcap portion over the isolation region, wherein the endcap portion comprises the first metal composition and the bulk portion comprises a second metal composition different from the first metal composition.
 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the endcap portion comprises a first portion and a second portion, and the bulk portion is positioned between the first portion of the endcap portion and the second portion of the endcap portion.
 3. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein a first length of the first portion of the endcap portion is less than or equal to a second length of the second portion of the endcap portion.
 4. The semiconductor device of claim 3, wherein a ratio of the second length to the first length is from about 1.0 to about 1.5.
 5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a first width of the P-metal gate electrode is greater than a second width of the N-metal gate electrode.
 6. The semiconductor device of claim 5, wherein a ratio of the first width to the second width is from about 18 to about
 30. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the first metal composition comprises an N-work-function metal.
 8. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the N-work-function metal comprises Ti, Ag, Al, TiAl, TiAlN, TaC, TaCN, TaSiN, Mn, or Zr.
 9. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the second metal composition comprises a P-work-function metal.
 10. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein the P-work-function metal comprises TiN, WN, TaN, or Ru.
 11. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate; a first well region in the substrate, the first well region having a first conductivity type; a second well region in the substrate, the second well region having a second conductivity type; an isolation region in the substrate surrounding and between the first well region and the second well region; a first gate electrode comprising a first metal composition over the second well region; and a second gate electrode comprising a bulk portion over at least a portion of the first well region and an endcap portion over at least a portion of the isolation region, wherein the endcap portion comprises the first metal composition and the bulk portion comprises a second metal composition different from the first metal composition.
 12. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the bulk portion extends over an entire length of the first well region.
 13. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the endcap portion comprises a first portion and a second portion, and the bulk portion is positioned between the first portion of the endcap portion and the second portion of the endcap portion.
 14. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the first gate electrode extends over an entire length of the second well region.
 15. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein a first width of the second gate electrode is greater than a second width of the first gate electrode.
 16. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein a sidewall of the bulk portion is substantially aligned with a sidewall of the first well region.
 17. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate; a first well region in the substrate, the first well region having a first conductivity type; a second well region in the substrate, the second well region having a second conductivity type; an isolation region in the substrate surrounding and between the first well region and the second well region; a first gate electrode comprising a first conductive material over the second well region, the first gate electrode having a width extending beyond a periphery of the second well region; and a second gate electrode comprising a bulk portion over at least a portion of the first well region and an endcap portion abutting the bulk portion, wherein the endcap portion is over at least a portion of the isolation region, the endcap portion comprises the first conductive material, and the bulk portion comprises a second conductive material different from the first conductive material.
 18. The semiconductor device of claim 17, wherein the endcap portion comprises a first portion and a second portion, the bulk portion is positioned between the first portion of the endcap portion and the second portion of the endcap portion, and a sidewall of at least one of the first portion of the endcap portion or the second portion of the endcap portion is substantially aligned with a sidewall of the isolation region.
 19. The semiconductor device of claim 17, wherein a width of the bulk portion is greater than the width of the first gate electrode.
 20. The semiconductor device of claim 19, wherein the first gate electrode is separated from the endcap portion of the second gate electrode by a dielectric material over the isolation region. 